Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses free essay sample

What is the effect of axon diameter on the conduction velocity? 45. What is the effect of the amount of myelination on conduction velocity? 46. Why did the time between stimulation and the action potential at R1 differ for each axon? ACTIVITY 8: Chemical Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitter Release 47. The synapse is the location where the axon of one neuron communicates with a. another neuron. b. a muscle fiber. c. a sensory receptor. d. any or all of the above. 48. Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic gap by a process called a. secretion. b. excretion. c. exocytosis. d. iffusion. 49. The name of the specific neurotransmitter released at a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell is ____________. 50. When the stimulus intensity is increased, what changes: the number of synaptic vesicles released or the amount of neurotransmitter per vesicle? 51. What happened to the amount of neurotransmitter released when you switched from the control extracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid with no Ca2+? 52. We will write a custom essay sample on Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What happened to the amount of neurotransmitter released when you switched from the extracellular fluid with no Ca2+ to the extracellular fluid with low Ca2+? ACTIVITY 9: The Action Potential†¦Putting It All Together 53. True or False: The amplitude of the depolarization that can result at the postsynaptic receptor is always the same. 54. In this simulation, when the sensory neuron membrane potential at the receptor was -40mV, the interneuron membrane potential at the â€Å"receiving end† was ______ mV. 55. In this simulation, with a â€Å"strong stimulus†, _____ sensory neuron vesicles were released from the axon terminal. a. many, many b. 15 c. 10d. 6 56. Describe what happened when you applied a very weak stimulus to the sensory receptor, i. e. as there an action potential? How many vesicles were released? 57. Describe what happened when you applied a moderate stimulus to the sensory receptor, i. e. was there an action potential? How many vesicles were released? 58. Identify the type of membrane potential (graded receptor potential or action potential) that occurred at R1, R2, R3, and R4 when you applied a moderate st imulus. (Compare/view the response to the stimulus. ) 59. Describe what happened when you applied a strong stimulus to the sensory receptor. What type(s) of membrane potential were caused? Were the responses at R1 through R4 all the same?

Free Essays on Stop All The Clocks, Cut Off The Telephone

â€Å"Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone † Wystan Hugh Auden is known for writing poetry that says something truthful about life. In his poem, â€Å"Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone †, Auden writes of the importance of love in our life. The speaker in the poem has lost love in his life, and believes his life is meaningless without love. W.H. Auden uses imagery and diction to convey the idea that love should not be taken for granted, love is wonderful and without love the world is nothing. Throughout â€Å"Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone†, Auden uses imagery to portray love to be vital to our life. The loss of his love seems to be so immense that the speaker creates a funeral for his love. The funeral is not just an ordinary funeral it is painted in the reader’s mind as a funeral fit for royalty. In this grand funeral, there are â€Å"aeroplanes circl[ing] moaning overhead† (5) and â€Å"crepe bows† (7) are put around â€Å"the white necks of the public doves† (7). Few funerals involve airplanes, â€Å"scribbling on the sky† (6) and doves wearing bows, a funeral life this would belong to someone great. The speaker is creating the idea that love is so magnificent that if it were to have a funeral, only the best would be fit. In the fourth stanza of the poem, Auden creates the image that without love everything else is worthless. The speaker believes that his love is dead so in turn everything else should die too. He p ortrays the universe to be inferior to love, â€Å"the stars are not wanted now: put out every one; Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun† (13-14), he is very nonchalant about theses massive structures. He lets the reader feel his pain; he no longer cares about the moon and the stars because his heart is empty. These are very powerful images, which show how important love is and how it feels to lose love. The diction in the first line of the poem sets the importance of love to the speaker. ... Free Essays on Stop All The Clocks, Cut Off The Telephone Free Essays on Stop All The Clocks, Cut Off The Telephone â€Å"Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone † Wystan Hugh Auden is known for writing poetry that says something truthful about life. In his poem, â€Å"Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone †, Auden writes of the importance of love in our life. The speaker in the poem has lost love in his life, and believes his life is meaningless without love. W.H. Auden uses imagery and diction to convey the idea that love should not be taken for granted, love is wonderful and without love the world is nothing. Throughout â€Å"Stop All the Clocks, Cut Off the Telephone†, Auden uses imagery to portray love to be vital to our life. The loss of his love seems to be so immense that the speaker creates a funeral for his love. The funeral is not just an ordinary funeral it is painted in the reader’s mind as a funeral fit for royalty. In this grand funeral, there are â€Å"aeroplanes circl[ing] moaning overhead† (5) and â€Å"crepe bows† (7) are put around â€Å"the white necks of the public doves† (7). Few funerals involve airplanes, â€Å"scribbling on the sky† (6) and doves wearing bows, a funeral life this would belong to someone great. The speaker is creating the idea that love is so magnificent that if it were to have a funeral, only the best would be fit. In the fourth stanza of the poem, Auden creates the image that without love everything else is worthless. The speaker believes that his love is dead so in turn everything else should die too. He p ortrays the universe to be inferior to love, â€Å"the stars are not wanted now: put out every one; Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun† (13-14), he is very nonchalant about theses massive structures. He lets the reader feel his pain; he no longer cares about the moon and the stars because his heart is empty. These are very powerful images, which show how important love is and how it feels to lose love. The diction in the first line of the poem sets the importance of love to the speaker. ...

Causes of the Euro Debt Crisis, Its Impact on International Financial Assignment

Causes of the Euro Debt Crisis, Its Impact on International Financial Markets, Including the US, the Eurozone and Asia, and Ways to Resolve It Euro Debt Crisis Causes and salient events leading to the present crisis Euro debt crisis is a financial situation facing the euro zone comprising of 17 member states that use the euro currency where some member countries have worsening sovereign debts borrowed from financial institutions. These countries pose a credit risk if they default on their obligations to the detriment of the monetary union. The case is more severe for member countries like Greece, Italy, Ireland and Spain. Various causes and events have been pointed as leading to the present crisis. For example, according to the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe- ALDE (2008, 11) structural factors that encouraged free market, deregulation of markets, self-regulating market virtues and increased use of new global financial instruments as a major cause. Extensive leverage on a large scale by market participants and enhanced systemic risk due to reduced transparency and contagion effects. The extensive sovereign bor rowing, slow or stagnant economic growth rates by Greece and Italy and lowering of credit rating for Greece from A- to Triple B plus are some of the events that have worsened the crisis (VoA news, 2011). How does the debt crisis in some countries within the Euro zone, such as Greece, Italy etc. impact on the international financial markets, including US, Euro zone and Asia? As indicated on the figure on nytimes.com, the world has become a global village and is much interconnected. Severe debt crisis shocks in Greece and Italy are likely to result into continental contagion because financial institutions holding their sovereign debts have origins and investments in different continents (New York Times, 2011). Both US and Asia heavily trade with Europe and the euro debt crisis is likely to slow down their economic growth and possible down-grading of financial institutions that hold sovereign debt instruments. Due to possibility of high credit risk, interest rates are also likely to go up for both the private and public sector complicating the case further. High sovereign debts among Greece, Italy and Spain could force financial institutions to write off some debts or a bailout plan by able countries like Germany and France. Possible collapse of the euro would result into financial loss for among banks (Yahoo news, 2011). How does the crisis impact the valuation of Euro as against other major currencies in the world? Worsening debt crisis would mean slow economic growth among member states and high credit risk associated with holding the Euro resulting to low demand. This makes the euro to depreciate among the major currencies and players prefer to hold safer currencies like the US dollar and Swiss franc. For example, the euro lost 25% of its value against the U.S. dollar since November 2009 to June 2010 (Kolb, 2011, 389) How, in your opinion, would the crisis be resolved? First, the countries have to embrace better fiscal management to avoid unnecessary national expenditures among. Rationalization of fiscal income, better tax collection and cuts in civil servants salaries among member states to avoid higher heterogeneity should be embraced (Kolb, 2011, 390). Member states should also allow the central European authority to have some control over their sovereign budgets in order to create better fiscal and monetary policies. Currently, the monetary policy is joint while fiscal policy is not creating a mismatch. Allowing the European Central Bank (ECB) to have control over spending taxation would help the union to monitor and influence recovery among debt ridden countries (Yahoo news, 2011). High political goodwill and financial transparency among member states to support each other would help to reduce the global fear of a possible collapse. Initiating policies that boost economic growth in countries where its slow or stagnant would also ease the cris is. Finally, issuance of a single euro bond where member states co-guarantees their debt would lower borrowing as strong economies like Germany and France would reduce default risk. Work Cited ALDE. The international debt crisis: its causes and what to do about it. Liberals and Democrats workshop, February 27th , 2008. www.alde.eu/fileadmin/webdocs/key-docs/finance-book_EN.pdf, 2008 Keller, Greg, Pylas, Pan and Wiseman, Paul. Euro in danger, Europe races for debt solution. Yahoo News. www.news.yahoo.com/euro-danger-europe-races-debt-solution 29th Nov. 2011 Kolb, R.W. Sovereign debt: from safety to default. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2011 Marsh, Bill. It’s all connected: An overview of the Euro crisis. New York Times www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/10/23/sunday-review/an-overview-of-the-euro-crisis.html 29th Nov. 2011 Melvin, Don. Eurozone ministers meet to build Euro rescue plan. Yahoo News www.news.yahoo.com/eurozone-ministers-meet-build-euro-rescue-plan. 29th Nov. 2011 VoA News. Key dates, events in European debt crisis. VoA News. www.voanews.com/english/news/europe/keydates-events-in-european-debt-crisis.html 29th Nov. 2011

Causes for the 2007-2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis the role of Dissertation

Causes for the 2007-2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis the role of mortgage-backed securities on the bank leverage - Dissertation Example Limitations of the study 25 5. Implication of the Discussion 26 References 28 1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1.1 Chapter Introduction Research is not just the process of gathering information but it is answering the unanswered questions or creating something which is not currently existing (Goddard and Melville, 2004). In simple words research refers to the search of knowledge. Thus it can be defined as the systematic and scientific search for significant information on a definite topic. It involves defining and redefining a problem, preparing hypothesis or recommending solutions; collecting, analysing and evaluating the data; making inference and reaching conclusions and lastly the conclusions are to be judged properly to determine whether the conclusion fits to the hypothesis (Kothari, 2009). The present study deals with the factors that caused the Subprime Mortgage Crisis. The study focuses on the roles of the mortgage-backed securities on the bank leverage. In order to conduct this rese arch proper research method has been designed. This chapter introduces the background of the research, objectives of the study, problem and issues in the research and the theoretical framework used in the research. Apart from these the study also sheds light on the methodology used, justifies the methodology, research philosophies, sampling techniques and instruments used to collect data. Finally the study also explicates on the ethical side of the study. 1.2 Justification of Methodology The main objective of the study is to do an analysis on the causes of Subprime Mortgage Crisis and the effects it has caused on the global economy. In this context the study focuses on analysing the case studies on Lehman Brother and Northern Rock. At the same time it also focuses on the other cause like housing price index. In order to achieve the objectives, the study uses only qualitative research approach. The study heavily relies upon the secondary data and not on primary data. Primary data res ults from firsthand observation and experience whereas secondary data results from what others have observed or experienced. Secondary data are easily available and are cheap as compared to primary data (Guffey and Loewy, 2009). The secondary data are collected using newspaper, journals, electronic sources, books and magazines. Whereas primary data can be collected using the questionnaire. To meet these requirements, the study an extensive collection of only secondary data is required, which makes application of qualitative methodology obligatory. 1.3 Research objectives The primary objective of the research is to find the causes and effects of the subprime mortgage crisis that occurred in the year 2008. In order to successfully accomplish the study, an imperative understanding about the philosophical context of the research is necessary. Dainty (2007) emphasizes that while conducting research constructing an orientation and philosophical position towards the research is important. McCallin (2003) suggests that reviewing the philosophical background and considering the paradigm of inquiry should be done at an early stage of the research.

Applying Theories to Children's Literature Essay

Applying Theories to Children's Literature - Essay Example It is at this stage how seriously their questions are taken, how well they are answered and how deep impact these answers lay on the young minds; together set the institution of thoughts, perception, outlook and information. A well inculcated thought carries a deep meaning all through the child's life. It is essential for the care takers of the tender age children not to bring negative influence on children's mind rather motivate them and fill them with enthusiasm towards life, towards world and towards every living organism (Theories of Child Development and Learning). History reveals that the child development was never given much attention and there was no necessity to answer their questions but with growing awareness the outlook changed and now various theories have been postulated to understand the psychology of the child to mould them well, to explain them in the best possible manner either by means of animations, games, books or designing props to convey the moral values throu gh stories (Theories of Child Development and Learning). It is imperative to understand the child development for cognitive, emotional, social and physical development, beginning from the birth and continues up to the adolescence. Considering the child development carries a deep impact on the adulthood theories proposed encompass Psychoanalytic Child Development Theories- Sigmund Freud- According to Freud, events that occur in childhood and also the good or bad experiences leaves a deep impact on the development of an individual. This theory is mostly devised for the mentally challenged children (Cherry). Erik Erikson- According to this theory the conflicts encountered at each stage of life influences the entire functioning of the individual. If a child fails to establish an identity then it results in the role confusion at later stages of life. It is therefore imperative to have an identity at an early stage of life. Parents and care providers should make the child understand about the self identity (Cherry). Cognitive Child Development Theories- It is established by Piaget that children have a different thinking as they are unaware about the consequences and happenings going around. They have different outlook as compared to the adults who have experience of life and therefore their thoughts are different. Children are inquisitive about the world around them and hence they try to explore with their own sense and wisdom. A little guidance could bring wonders, it is therefore imperative to preach them with a sound sense of understanding to generate moral values and also devise a character to follow (Cherry). Behavioral Child Development Theories- According to this theory it is essential to understand that the environment do plays an imperative role in shaping the personality of the child. It deals with the observation (Cherry). Social Child Development Theories- The social interaction plays a crucial role in the development of child. It is essential that a chi ld interacts with everyone in the society, these interaction develop a sense of co-operation with others in the society. If the child does not get proper exposure, the chances of developing fear towards others, a sense of insecurity towards every creature develops. A child may not develop a trust and empathy and it becomes difficult to tackle and deal with any situation to which a child come across, the similar tendency lingers till the

Formal Presentation Tactics Essay Example for Free

Formal Presentation Tactics Essay Presentations, unlike reports, carry the personality of a speaker, simultaneously allowing for interaction between all participants involved. A good presentation is hinged on precise, well researched content as well as a clear well laid out structure. Simply put, content relates to information useful to the people. It differs significantly from presentations to reports. The latter are analyzed at the readers’ pace but the former must account for the amount of information that can be assimilated in a single sitting. The structure followed must be logical, sequenced as well as suitably paced so that the audience can effectively follow the proceedings. Other salient aspects are packaging and the human element. Presentations must be well prepared for the audience is literally at the presenter’s mercy; they do not have the option of rereading certain portions or skipping others altogether. The human element, when used effectively, contributes greatly to the success of any presentation (Clark, 2007). The importance of preparation cannot be overstated. It may be a threadbare cliche, but failure to prepare really is preparation to fail. Research is vital both in term of content and the audience. The material presented must be accurate, supported with credible illustrations. Simple concise statements of intent usually assist in defining the scope of a presentation. Presenters must also establish the nature of the audience it terms of level of education, employment cadre and familiarity with the language. The findings serve as an indicator of the jargon the presenter may use as well as the vocabulary used. This aspect also defines the audience’s aims and objectives as for attending the presentation (Blair, n. d. ). If this is not effectively done, there will be little communication, rendering the entire presentation an exercise in futility. The introduction of any presentation is vital. Based on this aspect alone, it is possible to determine success. It is not enough to attract the attention of the audience; presenters must sustain it. One of the most effective ways of doing this is to establish a theme that the presentation will revolve around. This works well with a quick breakdown of the presentation’s guiding structure and an establishment of a rapport with the audience. Apart from maintaining the audience’s attention, it allows both parties to feel comfortable and significantly reduces the presenter’s level of anxiety. A good beginning deserves an equally good ending. Some experts dispense with the idea of starting the conclusion by stating that it is a recapitulation of the presentation as people may switch off. They favor either a sudden end marked with a phrase that will linger in the memories of the audience, or with a flourish, pace as well as voice carrying listener through a powerful crescendo (Blair, n. d. ). Preparing the body of the presentation does not translate to writing down the speech word for word. Having the main points on cards provides an outline as well as an effective memory jogger. Important questions to keep in mind, as stated in the research phase are the purpose, the nature of people attending, their familiarity on the subject and audience’s attitude towards the speaker. Other options to explore in terms of the structure of the body are timeline, problem/solution, classification, climax and complex to simple (or vice versa) layout (Clark, 2007). In contemporary group communication, visual aids are vital as they reinforce the delivery of the verbal message. Technology has lent itself to this respect, allowing for larger audiences to participate. Behavioral studies suggest that novelty and creativity in the application of visual aids is a major contributor to the success of a presentation. An example is displaying four different styles of hats when describing four major functions of project managers. With traditional aids, the rule of thumb is to employ different slides for distinct purposes; they should not be there at all if they have no purpose. Slides should not be cluttered as it has the counteractive effect of confusing the audience, rather than elucidating verbal message. Presenters must speak to their audience, as opposed to the visual aids. Therefore they must be thoroughly conversant with every slide to avoid presenting their backs to the audience as they struggle to explain what is going on. Legibility, color, contrast and size are factors to consider in the design of each slide. Everyone in the room should easily follow the aids without movement or strain. Delivery is another pillar of presentations. Presenters on one hand have the ability to enhance a presentation manifold and on the other, butcher it. The discussions of this aspect start with focus on the eyes. The fact that they are usually described as windows to the soul indicates that they are the first, most effective instruments in convincing people of speakers’ openness, honesty and their confidence in the material they are presenting. Herein lies the importance of maintaining eye contact. Doing so with all sections of the audience, accompanied by the hint of a smile convinces an audience that the presenter acknowledges and values their presence. Voice is the next aspect to assess, particularly variation and projection. However, projection does not mean shouting. Carefully watching the audience is the best indicator of the level of audibility. Voice variation is so powerful that it can make a well prepared presentation appear dull or make transform a boring topic into an exciting one. This aspect rules out monotonic speeches and their soporific effect. Changes in tone and well timed poses emphasize delineation and express certain feelings, moods and emotions. Rhetorical questions have proved useful in this respect as they inherently have tone variations at the end (Blair, n. d. ). Body language, expressed through appearance and stance are other important elements under the topic of formal presentation tactics. Posture as well as body orientation communicate a multitude of messages. By standing erect while leaning forward, speakers express approachability, receptiveness and friendliness. Gestures also play their role by making the content of the presentation more interesting in addition to facilitating understanding (Clark, 2007). The topic of speaker anxiety has been tackled from a number of angles. Some people insist on the impact of a simple change in attitude (Sathoff, 2008) while others encourage speakers to embrace nerves. The thinking behind the proposal is premised on the â€Å"flight or fight† condition occasioned by the release of adrenaline. Welcoming and recognizing nerves allows speakers to gain the edge by taking the fight option. They tackle the challenge of the presentation better, achieving better results than they envisaged. Attitude change encompasses positive thinking, mental visualizations of the task at hand and the belief that mistakes are part and parcel of the learning process. In all cases, deep breaths and short water breaks are of great help. Alcohol is not an option, as misinformed parties claim (Clark, 2007). Formal presentations are powerful avenues for self expression. Practice really does make perfect. Listening and watching self recordings allows for self discovery. Presenters can assess their performance and improvement against a checklist. Watching seasoned presenters in their element provides tried and tested success tricks. It is quite heartening to learn that oral presentation skills can easily be learned. Works Cited: Blair, G. M. , â€Å"Presentation Skills for Emergent Managers†, n. d. Retrieved on 25th March, 2009, from http://www. see. ed. ac. uk/~gerard/Management/art1. html Clark, D. R. , â€Å"Presentation Skills†, 2007. Retrieved on 25th March, 2009, from http://www. nwlink. com/~donclark/leader/leadpres. html Sathoff, R. , â€Å"Speaker Tips†, 2008. Retrieved on 25th March, 2009, from http://www. ed-u. com/publicspeaking. htm

Loneliness in of Mice and Men :: John Steinbeck

A novel which explores the the theme of loneliness is 'Of Mice and Men' by John Steinbeck. The characters George, Crooks, Candy and Curley's wife are used to show loneliness. In the novel the two main characters, George and Lennie, are starting a new job in California after being ordered out of their last job as a result of Lennie's childish behavior. They work as farm laborers and have always had a dream of they could own their own land. This dream they have is typically an aspiration that many people have but unfortunately never attain. Although, luckily enough they get offered money which by a character called Candy, and this sum of money boosts their chances of capturing their dream. However, the kindled hope they have soon evaporates, with tragic consequences. George's often dismaying desire is to accompany Lennie. Georges loneliness is very peculiar as unlike the other characters who face seclusion, George is united with a friend. However, Lennie is a phenomenally immature adult and as a result feels isolated. This affects him as he ends up either instructing or telling of Lennie when they talk which ultimately means George cannot have adult conversation, something which he deeply desires. An example of Lennie immaturity is shown when George enquires why he has a dead mouse. '' It on'y a mouse. Jus a dead mouse. George. I didn't kill it, honest. I found it dead''. The way Lennie tries to make out there is nothing wrong illustrates his lack of knowledge and insight into the world and shows how this may affect the interaction between the pair. It culminates in the assessment that although George may have a friend, he is so alien to normal individuals that in George's eyes, his human credibility is non-existent. Despite this, he has built a sound relationship with an innocent and nice person who he fears may suffer on his own. For these reasons he finds it difficult to detach himself from Lennie. Nonetheless, his decision to stay ultimately means he will be stuck with a person who he cannot have a grown-up relationship with and have the enjoyable experiences he might have if he was with a more intelligent person .Subsequently George is not able to live the way he wants to live as Lennie acts as a hindrance to his plans. George's reluctance to depart from Lennie's side generates a disservice for himself but at the same time he creates hope for Len nie who couldn't cope by his lonesome. Loneliness in of Mice and Men :: John Steinbeck A novel which explores the the theme of loneliness is 'Of Mice and Men' by John Steinbeck. The characters George, Crooks, Candy and Curley's wife are used to show loneliness. In the novel the two main characters, George and Lennie, are starting a new job in California after being ordered out of their last job as a result of Lennie's childish behavior. They work as farm laborers and have always had a dream of they could own their own land. This dream they have is typically an aspiration that many people have but unfortunately never attain. Although, luckily enough they get offered money which by a character called Candy, and this sum of money boosts their chances of capturing their dream. However, the kindled hope they have soon evaporates, with tragic consequences. George's often dismaying desire is to accompany Lennie. Georges loneliness is very peculiar as unlike the other characters who face seclusion, George is united with a friend. However, Lennie is a phenomenally immature adult and as a result feels isolated. This affects him as he ends up either instructing or telling of Lennie when they talk which ultimately means George cannot have adult conversation, something which he deeply desires. An example of Lennie immaturity is shown when George enquires why he has a dead mouse. '' It on'y a mouse. Jus a dead mouse. George. I didn't kill it, honest. I found it dead''. The way Lennie tries to make out there is nothing wrong illustrates his lack of knowledge and insight into the world and shows how this may affect the interaction between the pair. It culminates in the assessment that although George may have a friend, he is so alien to normal individuals that in George's eyes, his human credibility is non-existent. Despite this, he has built a sound relationship with an innocent and nice person who he fears may suffer on his own. For these reasons he finds it difficult to detach himself from Lennie. Nonetheless, his decision to stay ultimately means he will be stuck with a person who he cannot have a grown-up relationship with and have the enjoyable experiences he might have if he was with a more intelligent person .Subsequently George is not able to live the way he wants to live as Lennie acts as a hindrance to his plans. George's reluctance to depart from Lennie's side generates a disservice for himself but at the same time he creates hope for Len nie who couldn't cope by his lonesome.

AIDS Case Study Essay

Client Profile: Mr. Thomas is a 42 year old man admitted to the hospital with complaints of shortness of breath, fever, fatigue and oral thrush. The health care provider reviews the laboratory and diagnostic tests with Mr. Thomas and informs him he has pneumonia and is HIV positive. Mr. Thomas believes that he contracted HIV while involved in an affair with another woman three years ago. He is afraid to tell his wife, knowing she will be angry and that she may leave him. Case Study: The nurse assigned to care for Mr. Thomas reads in the medical record (chart) that he learned two days ago he was HIV positive. There is a note in the record that indicates that Mr. Thomas has not told his wife the diagnosis. To complete a functional health pattern assessment, the nurse asks Mr. Thomas if he may ask him a few questions. Mr. Thomas is willing and in the course of their conversation shares with the nurse that he believes that he contracted the HIV during an affair with another woman. He states, â€Å"How can I tell my wife about this? I am so ashamed. It is bad enough that I had an affair, but to have to tell her in this way – I just don’t think I can. She is not sick at all. I will just say I have pneumonia and take the medication my health care provider gave me. I do not want my wife of anyone else to know. If she begins to show signs of not feeling well, then I will tell her. I just can’t tell anyone. What will people think of me if they know I have AIDS?† 1. Briefly discuss how the HIV is transmitted and how it is not. How can Mr. Thomas prevent the transmission of HIV to his wife and others? In infected people, infectious HIV is present only in cells and in some bodily fluids. HIV can be isolated easily from blood, semen and vaginal/cervical secretions (including menstrual fluids). Blood and semen are the cells that are most likely to carry HIV. HIV has also been isolated from breast milk. With much greater difficulty, the virus has on occasion, been isolated from saliva, tears, and urine. It is has not been isolated from perspiration or feces. The current scientific view is that body fluids other than blood, semen, vaginal/cervical secretions, and breast  milk, contain so little, if any, HIV that they are not of major importance in HIV transmission between individuals. HIV is very fragile outside of the body, so transmission requires direct contact of two substances, fluid containing the HIV from an infected person and susceptible cells (usually via the blood stream) of another person. Casual contact includes all types of ordinary every day, non-sexual contact between and among people. Shaking hands, hugging, kissing, sharing eating utensils, sharing towels or napkins, using the same phone and using a toilet seat are all examples of casual contact. Because HIV is quickly inactive outside the body, it cannot survive in open air or in water. (1) Methods that Mr. Thomas can transmit HIV to his wife and others would be any type of blood transmission or intimate sexual contact. Epidemiological data points to three modes of HIV transmission from person to person: from blood, from birth, and from sex. Since Mr. Thomas is male we can cross out birth. Mr. Thomas can prevent transmission of HIV to his wife and others by only engaging in sexual activity with a condom, and even then there is a risk of the condom breaking and then being careful with any types of cuts, open wounds, and contact with others and his own blood. 2. Mr. Thomas stated, â€Å"What will people think of me if they know I have AIDS?† How can the nurse explain the difference between being HIV positive and having AIDS? The nurse can explain n that Mr. Thomas does not have AIDS. AIDs are a complication once the immune system can no longer handle fighting the HIV infection. HIV is the actual infection itself, AIDS is what happens once the immune system is compromised leading the way to other infections that may not affect a normal healthy adult or child, but become life threatening to a person with AID’s. This is caused by the weakened immune systems inability to fight off any infection. 3. Discuss the ethical dilemmas inherent in this case. HIV disclosure is defined as a ‘complex and multifaceted process of making a voluntary or involuntary decision about whom to inform about one’s status,  why, when, where and how’ . This is particularly challenging when it comes to informing patients’ sexual partners, also referred to as partner notification. The three approaches to partner notification include: i) source referral, whereby the health care provider encourages the patients to alert their partners themselves; ii) provider referral, whereby the health care provider notifies the partners with the consent of the patients while respecting the patients’ confidentiality; and iii) conditional referral, whereby the patients in agreement with the health care provider are supposed to inform their partners within a given time frame otherwise the health care provider will do so (but without revealing the patients’ identity)(2) 4. Does the health care provider have a legal obligation to tell anyone other than Mr. Thomas that he is HIV positive? If so, discuss. Legally, the nurse can’t tell anyone. â€Å"In court notifying an HIV-positive patient’s partner can be argued in terms of breaching professional ethics because ethically it is wrong to disclose your patient’s result or diagnosis to third parties without that individual’s consent.† 5. Any loss, such as loss of one’s health, results in a grief response. Describe the stages of grief according to Kubler-Ross. Denial: â€Å"This cannot happen to me!† Anger: â€Å"Why did this happen to me? Who’s to blame for this?† Bargaining: â€Å"Just let me live, and I’ll do anything† Depression: â€Å"I am too sad to do anything† Acceptance: â€Å"I’m at peace with what is coming†. 6. Discuss which stage of grief Mr. Thomas is most likely experiencing. Provide examples of Mr. Thomas’s behavior that support your decision. I believe that Mr. Thomas is experiencing both denial and anger. In denial, he recognizes that this is indeed happening to him but he does not want his wife to know and that is his refusal to accept what is going on. The anger portion comes from him blaming his affair for it happening in which sense he blames both himself and the woman he had the affair with. 7. What laboratory tests are used to confirm the diagnosis of HIV infection in an adult? HIV is most commonly diagnosed by testing your blood or saliva for the presence of antibodies to the virus. A newer type of test checks for HIV antigen, a protein produced by the virus immediately after infection. 8. Discuss the function of CD4 T cells and provide an example of how the CD4 t cell count guides the management of HIV. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that’s specifically targeted and destroyed by HIV. A healthy person’s CD4 count can vary from 500 to more than 1,000. Even if a person has no symptoms, HIV infection progresses to AIDS when his or her CD4 count becomes less than 200. (3) 9. Briefly explain the purpose of viral load blood tests in monitoring the progression of HIV. The viral load test measures the amount of virus in your blood. Studies have shown that people with higher viral loads generally fare more poorly than do those with a lower viral load.(3) 10. Mr. Thomas expresses a readiness to learn more about HIV. Discuss the nurse’s initial intervention when beginning client teaching and then discuss the progression of the HIV disease, including an explanation of primary infection, A, B, and C and four main types of opportunistic infections. There are different stages of HIV infection. Primary HIV infection can show symptoms that can be confused as the flu. These symptoms can last for a couple days to a few weeks and then disappear. Stage 2 is an asymptomatic stage meaning that the patient probably shows little to no symptoms. â€Å"This stage lasts for an average of ten years and, as its name suggests, is free from major symptoms, although there may be swollen glands. The level of HIV in the peripheral blood drops to very low levels but people remain infectious and HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood, so antibody tests will show a positive result. Research has shown that HIV is not dormant  during this stage, but is very active in the lymph nodes. A test is available to measure the small amount of HIV that escapes the lymph nodes. This test which measures HIV RNA (HIV genetic material) is referred to as the viral load test, and it has an important role in the treatment of HIV infection.† (4) Stage 3 is symptomatic HIV characterized by lymph nodes and tissues becoming permanently damaged and the virus beginning to mutate to AIDs due to the inability of the body keeping up with helper T cell rebuilding as the HIV virus kills off the helper T cells. Stage 4 is progression of HIV to AIDS. AIDS is diagnosed when any condition listed in clinical stage 4 is diagnosed and/or the CD4 count is less than 200 cells/mm3 or a CD4 percentage less than 15. (4) The ABC’s of HIV are: Abstinence for youth, including the delay of sexual debut and abstinence until marriage Being tested for HIV and being faithful in marriage and monogamous relationships Correct and consistent use of condoms for those who practice high-risk behaviours (4) The CDC has listed 24 types of opportunistic infections regarding HIV. As his nurse I would make sure Mr. Thomas had the information regarding all 24, but I would clarify on the 4 main ones since he is already exhibiting symptoms of those. Four main types of opportunistic infections in regards to HIV are: â€Å"Thrush: fungal infection of the mouth, throat, or vagina. Herpes simplex virus: can cause oral herpes (cold sores) or genital herpes. This is a fairly common infection but if you have HIV, the outbreaks can be much more frequent and more severe. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC or MAI) – a bacterial infection that can cause recurring fevers, general sick feelings, problems with digestion, and serious weight loss Pneumo cystis pneumonia (PCP) – a fungal infection that can cause a fatal pneumonia.† (6) 11. Following the nurse’s teaching, Mr. Thomas states, â€Å"How stupid I was to have that affair. Not only could it ruin my marriage, but it gave me a death sentence.† Share with Mr. Thomas what you know about long-term survivors, long-term non-progressors, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HIV carriers can carry the virus for a decade showing little to no symptoms. There are many different types of maintenance drug therapies to alleviate symptoms, and reduce the rate of progression. Antiretroviral therapy can help stall the progression of the disease, however, discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy may result in viral rebound, immune decomposition, and clinical progression of HIV. Interruption of HAART is not recommended (7). With HAART, patients who have had a positive HIV test have gone as long as 30 years with little to no symptoms and no progression of AIDS (6). HAART is defined as a drug regimen to achieve sustained viral suppression. Simplified treatment regimens and decreasing the number of medications that patients have to take each day has proven effective in patient’s adherence to their treatment. Drug companies are constantly finding new ways to combine the inhibitors into 2-3 medications versus the extensive treatment regimens originally used. Overall adherence rates are still only 30-50% in the US, so I would recommend ex tensive follow up with Mr. Thomas and his health care providers to increase his adherence. 12. Discuss how the nurse should respond if Mr. Thomas’s wife approaches him in the hall and asks, â€Å"Did the test results come back yet? Do you know what is wrong with my husband?† The nurse must tell Mr. Thomas’s wife that she cannot discuss Mr. Thomas’s medical condition with her and that she must ask Mr. Thomas himself. Legally and ethically, the nurse cannot give Mr. Thomas’s wife any information regarding his condition and diagnosis if Mr. Thomas has specifically asked for no information to be disclosed, which he has. 13. List five possible nursing diagnoses appropriate to consider for Mr. Thomas. I chose these 5 for where Mr. Thomas is related to his disease at this time. 1. Deficient knowledge related to HIV infection, means of preventing HIV transmission, and self-care 2. Risk for infection related to immunodeficiency. 3. Activity intolerance related to weakness, fatigue, malnutrition, impaired fluid and electrolyte balance and hypoxia associated with pulmonary infections. 4. Social isolation related to stigma of disease, withdrawal of support systems, isolation procedures, and fear of infecting others. 5. Anticipatory grieving related t changes in lifestyle and roles and unfavorable prognosis References 1) Conner, Ross F., & Fan, Hung Y., & Vilarreal, Luis P. Aids, Science and Society, Sixth Edition, 2011, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC 2) http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/11/6 3) www.mayoclinic.com 4) www.avert.org 5) www.cdc.org 6) www.aids.org 7) Smeltzer, Suzanne C., & Hinkle, Janice L., & Bare, Brenda G., & Cheever, Kerry H. Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, (2010), Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Mass medias and their political role Essay

 « Medias  » comes from the latin  « media  » that designs all means of communication ; such as printing press, radio, television, Internet. There has been a mediatic revolution in Europe, and specially en France, since the end of the XIX th century, which accompanied the birth of the Republic and its main political crisis, at is allowed the expression of the public opinion. In June 29th, 1881, the Law on the Freedom of the Press allowed the liberty of expression though settling its limits such as the prohibition of defamation, against the press offences, incitements to racial hatred or attainment on other’s property and public security. This law permitted a greater involvement of the public opinion in major political crisis that happened in France since the end of the XIXth century, such as the following ones I am going to present : the Dreyfus Affair, the Vichy France and the elections of June 2002. The Dreyfus Affair : This political crisis illustrates the major role of printing press. At that time, the Jules ferry Laws had increased alphabetisation, so the press became much more accessible to lower classes of society. More newspapers were printed and sold at a far cheaper price ; it was a democratisation of the press. At the time of the Dreyfus Affair, there was a huge debate about secularism (â€Å"Laicità ©Ã¢â‚¬ ), in which the press involved itself by expressing the public opinion. L’Humanità © was more biased on a socialist point of view whereas La Croix belonged to the right wing of the political life, though it is really with the Dreyfus Case that the politicisation took place. In November 1rst, 1894, the far right-wing and antisemit newspaper La Libre Parole, accused Captain Alfred Dreyfus, of jewish confession, of having betrayed France by being a spy for Germany. Dreyfus was sentenced to death. But the public opinion was vehemently divided and represented through the press.There was the pro-Army, nationalists Anti-Dreyfusards and the  pro-Republicans, also called Dreyfusards, who led a ferocious battle against the other camp. The term â€Å"intellectual† was created at that time to design journalists that committed themselves in the affair. For exemples : – Emile Zola, a naturalist writer, publishes in January 13th, 1898, his false letter/pamphlet â€Å"J’accuse† in L’Aurore, asking for more justice from the President, and so for Dreyfus’ commutation. It was the very first engagement of intellectuals in the press. – Jean Jaurà ©s also demonstrated cleverly the innocence of Dreyfus in â€Å"Les preuves† published in La Rà ©publique. We have then an example of a bipolarised press reflecting a bipolarised public opinion. The expression of diverse voices greatly influenced the release and rehabilitation of Dreyfus in 1906, just one year after the victory of the secularism laws. WWII : The French State or Vichy France : In 1940, with the creation of the French collaborating and antisemit State, there has been a significant division of medias : – The official press became marechalist (newspaper Je suis partout), proclaiming the need for collaboration, denouciations†¦; – A clandestine, illegal press appeared (Libà ©ration) supporting the Resistance movement, in which people were encouraged to resist and to make life harder to the Occupier (sabotages, hidding illegal peole†¦.). The press had a serious influence on the behaviours of the French State’s people. But radio too took a major role in this event : – Radio Paris was tightly controlled by the governement since the first public diffusion by the radio in 1921. – Radio Londres (written this way on the internet) on the contrary did not support the german occupation so that it allowed De Gaulle to communicate with France and deliver his famous speech in June 18th, 1940, in which he encouraged French soldie rs and workers to continue fighting against the collaborators and occupiers and the inhabitants of the French State to resist. Radio was also used a well as leaflets, to improve the organisation of resistant actions. The Algerian War (1954-1962) : At the beginning of the war, the medias took great interest in this new political crisis that the government had trouble in solving. â€Å"L’Algà ©rie, c’est la France !† declares Franà §ois Mitterand, then Minister of the Interior at the TV/Radio. In fact, after the loss of Indochina, France could not afford to lose Algeria as well according to many state members. But different opinions were debated over in the press mainly (France Soir, Le Parisien Libà ©rà ©, Le Figaro†¦), by the four main radios representing round 38 millions of listeners, and the emerging but still very elitist television. When the government sent the contigent in 1956, the jounalists were very much involved in illustrating the public opinion and the Ifop (an institute of survey and opinion polls) revealed that the polls mainly revealed a global wish for negociations rather than fightings. But the government did not want to lose its credibility and censored the press, getting hold o f some (L’Express), and arrested some of the most vehement journalists. But some newspapers (L’Express and La France-Observateur) and authors (Franà §ois Mauriac) denonced the political measures and repression to make it transparent to the public. There was no more stability in the French government and DeGaulle was asked to come back to power in 1958, which he did, at the price that a new Constitution should be put into office and that the fifth Republic shall be claimed. De Gaulle used as he did a few years before, the power of medias as a tool to communicate with the French people, mainly using the ORTF, The Office de Radiodiffusion Tà ©là ©vision Franà §aise, which monopolised Frenc TV emissions and allowed him to put forward his own opinion. This allowed him to avoid the putsch of the generals in April 1961 (they wanted to take power in Alger in order to maintain the French Algeria against De Gaulle’s policy of negociations) by directly talking to the called in order to discourage them from helping the generals. Finally Algeria became independent with the Evian Accords in 1962. But a few years later, with May 1968 it clearly appeared that the government controlled no longer the medias, which became more and more  independent and were less used as an influencial tool of the government, but only as a mean to express opinions or to give more information (ex : the presidential elections of June 2002, when the Internet, newspapers and televion altogether permitted a mobilisation of the voters against Jean-Marie Le Pen.)

Why Noon is no longer the Ninth Hour

Why Noon is no longer the Ninth Hour Why â€Å"Noon† is no longer the â€Å"Ninth Hour† Why â€Å"Noon† is no longer the â€Å"Ninth Hour† By Maeve Maddox In current usage, the English word noon refers to midday, the time when the sun reaches the meridian. Look into the etymology of the word noon, and you will find that it comes from the Latin word for the number nine. So why does our word for the time when both hands of the clock are on the twelve come from a word for nine? Like the word noon itself, the original time-related meaning goes back to the Romans. They counted the hours of the day from sunrise. The â€Å"ninth hour† (nona hora) was about 3 p.m. our time. Christians adopted Jewish customs of praying at certain hours. When Christian monastic orders were formed, a daily timetable was drawn up centered on hours for prayer. According to the earliest schedules, the monks were required to pray at three-hour intervals: 6-9 p.m., 9 p.m.-midnight, midnight-3 a.m., and 3 a.m.-6 a.m. The prayers to be said at specified times during the day are known as the Divine Office and the times at which they are to be recited are the canonical hours: Vigils: night Matins: dawn Lauds: dawn Prime: 6 a.m. â€Å"first hour† Terce: 9 a.m. â€Å"third hour† Sext: noon â€Å"sixth hour† None: 3 p.m. â€Å"ninth hour† Vespers: sunset Compline: before bed Vigils was also known as the â€Å"Night Office.† Matins and Lauds originally referred to the prayers sung at dawn. In time, the Night Office came to be called Matins. The shift in the meaning of noon from â€Å"3 p.m.† to 12 noon† began in the 12th century when the prayers said at the â€Å"ninth hour† were set back to the â€Å"sixth hour.† By the year 1140, the Old English word non had taken on the meaning of â€Å"midday† or â€Å"midday meal.† Like our words September, October, November, and December, noon is a fossil word that embeds customs of former ages. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases8 Proofreading Tips And TechniquesSupervise vs. Monitor

Resilience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Resilience - Assignment Example Cases of terrorist attacks are being put as a story of the past with several methods to fight terrorism attacks being put in order. Moreover, disaster resilience is vitality. The federal government has been in the front hand, encouraging community resilience as a way to ensure a productive nation. A resilient nation is a prosperous nation. Resilient people, organizations, and even countries are blessed with such an outlook that they can change course and soldier on, even after misfortunes. Resilience is the will to recover from or adjust easily to misfortunes or change. Usually the affected becomes successful, strong or healthy after something bad happens. It’s always the goal of any country, organization or to bounce back to the normal state especially when hit by either calamities or economic downfalls. Measures have been put in place to ensure that these countries, organization or firms adopt resilience. Rather than making failure overcome them, they rise from their ashes a nd move forward. Sportsmen and women are advised to be resilient during training and competitions as in the end; it produces positive results. Resilience is quite different from resistance though the two share numerous similarities. Resilient people, organizations, and even countries are blessed with such an outlook that they can change course and soldier on, even after misfortunes. Resilience and resistance have quite some similarities and differences. Psychologists have identified that positive attitude and being optimistic makes one be resilient.

Taking Care of Teenagers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Taking Care of Teenagers - Essay Example Given that reasoning, one must wonder as to whether or not it pays off in the long run to raise a teenage kid. Those that oppose raising teenage kids do so on the premise that anybody between the age of 13-18 require too much parental supervision in their academic, social, and family lives. It becomes difficult to keep track of the teenagers activities at these ages because of their quest for self discovery and self-understanding. Some parents get confused because the teenager seems to wear his personality the way he wears his clothes, it changes everyday. One minute you can have a loving, clingy teenage child who wants nothing more than to cuddle with mom and dad. Then the next minute, you have a kid asking you to park the car 3 blocks from school so his classmates wont see him being dropped off by mom or dad. So, it becomes understandable when parents say raising a teenage kid requires volumes of aspirin in order to combat the headache that it is. But if you analyze it, these mind boggling personality changes within a teenager are exactly the stuff that a parents memories are made up of. T hese are the very moments that are to be cherished for a lifetime and make it all worthwhile to raise a teenager. Parents say that teenagers are rebellious and do not have a clear understanding of life and its intricacies. They get into so much trouble that sometimes a parent wonders if he should just prepare bail money instead of an allowance for the kid. These are the parents who give up on raising their teenager when they should be the most involved in the raising of their teenager. A parent has to understand that a teenager is on the verge of adulthood. Their problems are caused by the fact that they want to be treated as adults but still act like the children that they are during certain situations. This is the time when a teenager needs his parent the most. The teenager needs to know how to be an adult before he turns 18 and is officially given the reins to his life